Monotheism and the Rise of Ethical Civilizations: A Cross-Religious Study

Abstract

This article explores the correlation between monotheistic belief systems and the emergence of ethical civilizations across historical epochs. Drawing on Judaism, Christianity, and Islam as primary monotheistic traditions, this cross-religious study examines how the conceptualization of one transcendent deity contributed to moral codification, justice systems, and collective ethical behavior in civilizations. Using historical, theological, and sociological frameworks, the study evaluates ethical governance, social contracts, and altruistic conduct derived from monotheistic thought. The analysis further explores how monotheistic ethics shaped notions of human dignity, accountability, and social justice, laying the groundwork for modern legal and ethical systems. Comparative insights from polytheistic and non-theistic traditions provide contrast, enhancing understanding of monotheism’s distinctive role in civilizational ethics.